MSC ELSA-3 sank off Kerala in May 2025 with 640 containers, including hazardous cargo. National Institute of Oceanography's (NIO) first survey revealed oil slicks, dead marine life, oxygen depletion, massive Noctiluca and jellyfish blooms, and confirmed petroleum hydrocarbons. About 357 tonnes of toxic nurdles have washed ashore. Meanwhile, calcium carbide containers at 3km depth intensify risk.